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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fiscus Judaicus</span></h1>
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<p>Der <b>Fiscus Judaicus</b> (<a href="Latein" title="Latein">lateinisch</a> für <i>Judensteuer</i>) war eine Steuer, die den Juden nach der Zerstörung des <a href="Jerusalemer_Tempel" title="Jerusalemer Tempel">Jerusalemer Tempels</a> im Jahre 70 n. Chr. von Kaiser <a href="Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> auferlegt wurde. Er ersetzte die <a href="Tempelsteuer" title="Tempelsteuer">Tempelsteuer</a>, (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Hebr%C3%A4ische_Sprache" title="Hebräische Sprache">hebräisch</a></span> <bdo dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r238817682">
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</style><bdi dir="rtl" lang="he-Hebr" class="Hebr hebrew" style="unicode-bidi:isolate;font-style:normal">מחצית השקל</bdi></bdo>). Die Steuer kam anfänglich dem Wiederaufbau des <a href="Kapitolinischer_Tempel" title="Kapitolinischer Tempel">Tempels des Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a> in Rom zugute, der durch einen Brand beschädigt worden war.<sup id="cite_ref-jew_enc_fj_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jew_enc_fj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Gemäß <a href="Sueton" title="Sueton">Sueton</a> wurde der <i>Fiscus Judaicus</i> unter Kaiser <a href="Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> besonders streng eingetrieben,<sup id="cite_ref-bib_arch_fj_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bib_arch_fj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und er wurde auch von <a href="Judenchristen" title="Judenchristen">Judenchristen</a> und <a href="Heidenchristen" title="Heidenchristen">Heidenchristen</a> eingezogen,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denn die Römer betrachteten zu diesem Zeitpunkt beide Gruppierungen als Ausprägungen des Judentums.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heemstra_202_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heemstra_202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Unter Kaiser <a href="Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> wurden dann Münzen geprägt, die die Aufschrift FISCI IUDAICI CALUMNIA SUBLATA trugen.<sup id="cite_ref-jew_enc_fj_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jew_enc_fj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bib_arch_fj_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bib_arch_fj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Inschrift ist nicht eindeutig, es besteht aber Übereinstimmung, dass der <i>Fiscus Judaicus</i> in irgendeiner Form <i>reformiert</i> wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-jew_enc_fj_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jew_enc_fj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bib_arch_fj_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bib_arch_fj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gemäß dieser Quelle gibt es mehrere Möglichkeiten der Übersetzung.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laut dieser Quelle<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wurde nur die Praxis der falschen Anschuldigung, dass jemand Anhänger des Judentums sei, zurückgenommen. Wie <a href="Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> berichtet, wurde z. B. <a href="Titus_Flavius_Clemens" title="Titus Flavius Clemens">Titus Flavius Clemens</a>, der Cousin von Kaiser <a href="Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> wegen dieser Anschuldigung hingerichtet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Der <i>Fiscus Judaicus</i> selbst wurde weiterhin erhoben,<sup id="cite_ref-jew_enc_fj_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jew_enc_fj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mindestens bis in die Zeit des <a href="Origenes" title="Origenes">Origenes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der genaue abschließende Zeitpunkt ist aber unklar. Möglicherweise wurde der <i>Fiscus Judaicus</i> erst unter <a href="Julian_(Kaiser)" title="Julian (Kaiser)">Julian</a> 362 n. Chr. abgeschafft.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Gemäß dieser Quelle<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> führte die Reform des <i>Fiscus Judaicus</i> unter Nerva zu einer Trennung der Wege von Judentum und Christentum.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vor der Reform von Nerva war den Römern das Christentum zwar suspekt, wurde aber als Teil des Judentums angesehen.<sup id="cite_ref-Heemstra_202_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heemstra_202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seit dem Jahr 96 n. Chr. verwendete die römische Obrigkeit dann eine strengere Definition des Begriffs <i>Jude</i>, die es ihr erleichterte, zwischen dem Judentum (als <i>religio licita</i>, einer im Reich akzeptierten Religion) und dem Christentum (als <i>superstitio illicita</i>, eines illegalen Aberglaubens) zu unterscheiden.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judensteuernimroemischenreich.eu/">Judensteuern im Römischen Reich, insbesondere Kapitel 3.5.3</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-jew_enc_fj-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jew_enc_fj_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jew_enc_fj_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jew_enc_fj_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jew_enc_fj_1-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6157-fiscus-judaicus">https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6157-fiscus-judaicus</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bib_arch_fj-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bib_arch_fj_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bib_arch_fj_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bib_arch_fj_2-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/">https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis H. Feldman, Shaye J. D. Cohen, Joshua J. Schwartz; Studies in Josephus And the Varieties of Ancient Judaism, BRILL, 2007, S. 86 “that under Domitian <i>iudaicus fiscus acerbissime actus est</i>”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/">https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/</a> “[…] those who lived a Jewish life without publicly acknowledging the fact and those who concealed their Jewish origins. […] Heemstra argues that the first category includes gentile Christians (who lived a Jewish life without publicly acknowledging the fact) and the second includes Jewish Christians (ethnic Jews who concealed their Jewish origins).”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6157-fiscus-judaicus">https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6157-fiscus-judaicus</a> “[…] those that lived a Jewish life without paying the tax, or that sought to keep their origin secret […]”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/">https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/</a> “In other words, the Romans regarded both gentile Christianity and Jewish Christianity as forms of Judaism, hence liable to the tax.”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Heemstra_202-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heemstra_202_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Heemstra_202_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Marius Heemstra: The Fiscus Judaicus and the Parting of the Ways, Mohr Siebeck, 2010, S. 202 “Christianity related to Judaism, but suspect”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis H. Feldman, Shaye J. D. Cohen, Joshua J. Schwartz; Studies in Josephus And the Varieties of Ancient Judaism, BRILL, 2007, S. 85–87
<ul><li>A. [A specific case in which] a false accusation was brought to the treasury for Jewish affairs has been struck out.</li>
<li>B. [All bringing of] malicious accusation[s] to the treasury responsible for Jewish affairs has been brought to an end.</li>
<li>C. A [specific case in which] a false accusation was brought by the treasury for Jewish affairs has been struck out.</li>
<li>D. The false accusation [against all Jews made by] the treasury for Jewish affairs has been wiped away.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Mary Smallwood: The Jews Under Roman Rule, BRILL, 2001, S. 378 “The coins commemorate the abolition […] of <i>calumnia</i>, false charges […] the coin-legend concentrates on groundless denunciations […] and proclaims the end of the abuse […]”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Mary Smallwood: The Jews Under Roman Rule, BRILL, 2001, S. 378 “[…] the charge against them was atheism, a charge on which many others who were drifting into Jewish ways were condemned […]”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Goodman: Nerva, the Fiscus Judaicus and Jewish Identity, The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 79, (1989), S. 44 “[…] for its imposition was still in operation in the time of Origen […]”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.asp">https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.asp</a> “In a famous Greek letter to the Jews, […], he abolished the special taxes paid to the Roman government […]”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marius Heemstra: The Fiscus Judaicus and the Parting of the Ways, Mohr Siebeck, 2010</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/">https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/</a> “In sum, the social, political and cultural separation between Jews and Christians, usually called the ‘parting of the ways’, was substantially complete by 100 C.E., and set in place first and foremost by Nerva in 96 C.E. as part of his reform of the fiscus Judaicus.”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mohr.de/de/judaistik/fachgebiete/antike/buch/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways.html">http://www.mohr.de/de/judaistik/fachgebiete/antike/buch/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways.html</a><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://IABotdeadurl.invalid/http://www.mohr.de/de/judaistik/fachgebiete/antike/buch/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways.html">@1</a></span><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohr.de/de/judaistik/fachgebiete/antike/buch/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways.html">@2</a></span><span style="display:none">Vorlage:Toter Link/www.mohr.de</span> <small>(Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timetravel.mementoweb.org/list/2010/http://www.mohr.de/de/judaistik/fachgebiete/antike/buch/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways.html">Suche in Webarchiven</a>)</small>&nbsp;<small class="archiv-bot"><span class="wp_boppel noviewer" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="i"></span></span></span>&nbsp;<b>Info:</b> Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marius Heemstra: The Fiscus Judaicus and the Parting of the Ways, Mohr Siebeck, 2010, S. 201–203</span>
</li>
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